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Violence

By early February 1941, the violence increased. On 11 February, a member of the National Socialist Movement was mortally injured during violent confrontations in the old Jewish quarter. The Germans used his death as an excuse to close off the quarter and to force the Jewish community to set up the Jewish Council, which would later turn out to be a valuable instrument to the Germans. Not only was the council forced to announce the anti-Jewish measures, but it also had to enforce them.

Ordinances

1. Temporary closure of the Amsterdam Jewish quarter, February 1941.
   After the fights in the Jewish quarter, in which a WA* member, H. Knoot (NSB*), died, barbed wire fencing was put up at various places in the Jewish quarter and bridges were raised. In the background: the raised bridge at Kloveniersburgwal.
   Unknown photographer, NIOD Collection, Amsterdam.
2. Razzia in the Jewish quarter, Amsterdam, 22 February 1941. As a retaliatory measure against the riots in the city, 600 members of the 'Ordnungspolizei' (German public order police) hermetically closed off part of the Jewish quarter. Hundreds of young Jewish men were violently taken to the Jonas Daniel Meijer square.
   Unknown photographer, NIOD Collection, Amsterdam.
3. Rounded-up Jews at the Jonas Daniel Meijer square, Amsterdam, 22 February 1941.
   A day later the second razzia took place. In total, more than 400 Jews were deported to the Schoorl internment camp.
   Unknown photographer, NIOD Collection, Amsterdam
4. Caption photo 1: German policemen hastenpush rounded-up Jews into the trucks, Amsterdam, 22 February 1941. They were deported to the German concentration camp Buchenwald via Schoorl.
   Unknown photographer, NIOD Collection, Amsterdam.
5. Jews rounded up during the razzia at the Jonas Daniel Meijer square at a roll call in the German concentration camp Buchenwald shortly after arrival on 28 February 1941. Three months later many of them had died. Except for one man, Max Nebig, who was hidden by his camp mates, all the other men were deported to the German concentration camp Mauthausen in Austria. None of them survived the camp. For four yearyears Max Nebig remained in hiding in a TB barrack in Buchenwald and managed to survive thatthis way.
   Photo from the German SS* paper Das Schwarze Korps, NIOD Collection, Amsterdam

quotes
first anti-jewish measures
protests against the persecution of jews
isolating jews
jewish labour camps
jewish star
the jewish council
chronology:
press and propaganda
civil administration
chronology:
riots in amsterdam
registration, looting, and tracking
propaganda and resistance
chronology:
looting
forced labour